What is the pitting of gear tooth?

Pitting occurs when fatigue cracks are initiated on the tooth surface or just below the surface. Usually pits are the result of surface cracks caused by metal-to-metal contact of asperities or defects due to low lubricant film thickness.

What is the pitting failure of gear tooth?

Pitting is a surface fatigue failure of the gear tooth. It occurs due to repeated loading of tooth surface and the contact stress exceeding the surface fatigue strength of the material. Material in the fatigue region gets removed and a pit is formed.

What causes pitting on gears?

Pitting. Pitting is the most common failure mode for gear teeth. It’s due to repeated loading and contact stresses exceeding surface fatigue strength of the material. Pitting can begin as soon as gears are put into operation.

Which gear teeth profile is widely used?

involute gear profile
The involute gear profile is the most commonly used system for gearing today, with cycloid gearing still used for some specialties such as clocks. In an involute gear, the profiles of the teeth are involutes of a circle.

How can pitting failure be prevented?

In order to avoid such failure, the module and face width of the gear is adjusted so that the beam strength is greater than the dynamic load. 2. Pitting. In order to avoid the pitting, the dynamic load between the gear tooth should be less than the wear strength of the gear tooth.

What is spalling in gears?

This type of pitting is considered to be normal. SPALLING. SPALLING is a term used to describe a large or massive area where surface material has broken away from the tooth. In through-hardened and softer material, it appears to be a massing of many overlapping or interconnected large pits in one locality.

What is initial pitting and destructive pitting?

Pitting: A problem with pitting can be labeled as either initial, in which the surface is experiencing small pits to destructive, in which the pits are larger in diameter. Initial pitting may be a problem with the gears not fitting together properly. Destructive pitting is typically an issue with surface overload.

What are the standard tooth profile?

The most common type of gear tooth profile is the involute gear tooth profile, standard and corrected. An involute gear profile means that the profiles of the gear teeth are involutes of a circle, while the involute of a circle is the locus of a point on a piece of string as the string is unwrapped from a circle.

What causes micro pitting?

Micropitting begins when a fatigue crack grows from the gear tooth surface at an angle to the surface. A micropit forms when a branch crack connects the subsurface main crack with the surface and separates a small piece of material.

What is the difference between pitting and spalling?

To discuss spalling and pitting on a common ground, the following discussion rests on the definitions according to the phenomena as described in the foregoing; that is, pitting is the formation of shallow craters by surface-defect fatigue, and spalling is the formation of deeper cavities by subsurface-defect fatigue.

What is scuffing in gears?

Scuffing is an instantaneous failure which occurs when the meshed gear flanks undergo adhesive wear under extreme operating temperatures at medium- or high-speed conditions. It is one of the common failures in transmission gears, which tend to operate under long-duty cycle hours.

What is spalling in gear?

This type of pitting is considered to be normal. SPALLING. SPALLING is a term used to describe a large or massive area where surface material has broken away from the tooth.

What are standard systems of gear tooth?

Gear tooth geometry is determined primarily by pitch, depth, and pressure angle. Pitch: Standard pitches are usually whole numbers when measured as diametral pitch P, the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter in inches. Coarse-pitch gearing has teeth larger than 20 diametral pitch — usually 0.5 to 19.99.

What is bearing pitting?

Electrical discharge through the oil film between the shaft and bearing in electrical machinery or in fans and turbines may occur due to faulty insulation or grounding, or due to the build-up of static electricity.

What is meant by pitting corrosion?

Pitting corrosion is a localized form of corrosion by which cavities or “holes” are produced in the material. Pitting is considered to be more dangerous than uniform corrosion damage because it is more difficult to detect, predict and design against. Corrosion products often cover the pits.

What do you mean by flaking and pitting?

Spalling is the result of surface or subsurface fatigue, which causes fractures to form in the running surfaces. When the rolling elements travel over these cracks, pieces, or flakes, of material break away. (Spalling is also referred to as “flaking,” “peeling,” or “pitting.”)

What is the difference between scuffing and scoring?

The difference between scuffing and scoring is that scuffing originates from the adhesive bond creation between the mating surfaces, which are then sheared, and scoring results from mechanical abrasion of the surface by the very hard wear particles under conditions of a very high load.

What is the minimum number of teeth in a standard gear?

So, the minimum teeth number for standard gears is 17. 7. Profile shift coefficient (x) Usually for the tooth profile, the teeth addendum ha=1*m, and the dedendum hf=1.25*m, however the teeth profile can be moved up or down a little bit:

What is a gear pit?

These cracks may start at inclusions in the gear materials, which act as stress concentrators, and propagate below and parallel to the tooth surface. Pits are formed when these cracks break through the tooth surface and cause material separation. When several pits join, a larger pit (or spall) is formed.

What is progressive pitting in gears?

Progressive Pitting Even after gear surfaces are worn in and load is equalized, with time more pitting starts to occur and pits get enlarged. (1) When an overload condition exists and the gear surface load exceeds the fatigue limit of the material.

What are the Different Gear standards?

AUSTRALIA Gear Standards ITALY Gear standards UNITED KINGDOM Gear Standards ISO Gear Standards ISO 53:1974 – Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering – Basic rack ISO 54:1977 – Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering – Modules and diametral pitches